Glossary

The Ethics Cases glossary

The frameworks, decision model and vocabulary used to analyze every case. Each case lists the lenses and key terms it draws on; use them as filters on the case library.

Frameworks
Simple Decision Model
Accountability questions
Key terms (A–Z)

Ethical frameworks

No single lens settles a hard case. Most cases are best analyzed with at least two, and the most revealing moments come when they disagree, for example when what is right (duty) clashes with what is good (outcomes).

Utilitarian (Weigh outcomes): Judge an action by its consequences: pick the option that produces the most overall well-being, counting everyone affected. Useful when outcomes can be measured; at risk of overlooking minorities or harms that are hard to count. Associated with Bentham and Mill.239 cases use this lens
Kantian (duty) (Rules and duties): Judge an action by the principle behind it, not its results. Ask whether everyone could follow the same rule (universal law) and whether anyone is being used merely as a means. Strong protection for individual rights; can be rigid when duties collide.144 cases use this lens
Virtue ethics (Character and role modeling): Ask what a person of good character, such as a good coach, athlete or administrator, would do. Virtues are habits built over time, usually found between two extremes (the golden mean). Builds culture well; less precise for fast decisions. Associated with Aristotle.108 cases use this lens
Justice & fairness (Rawls) (Fair distribution): Ask how benefits, burdens and opportunities are shared. Rawls’s veil of ignorance asks you to design the rule without knowing which position you will occupy: star or walk-on, owner or fan, host city or visitor.225 cases use this lens
Care ethics (Relationships and vulnerability): Focus on relationships, dependence and vulnerability, and on the responsibilities that come with power over others. Especially relevant to athlete welfare, youth sport and safeguarding.117 cases use this lens
Rights-based (Basic rights respected?): Ask whether people’s basic rights are respected: to safety, to a balanced childhood, to participate in decisions that affect them, to be free from discrimination, and to fair process.150 cases use this lens

The Simple Decision Model

Every case ends with a walk-through prompt built on these six steps.

Spot the issue. Who are the stakeholders? Which values or codes are in play?
Gather facts. What is known, what is unknown, and what biases might shape the picture?
Test options. Run each option through consequences, duties and virtues.
Check codes and law. Is the option compliant, and does it honor the spirit as well as the letter?
Decide and document. Record the rationale, the trade-offs and who was consulted.
Communicate and follow up. Be transparent, add safeguards, and learn from the outcome.

Accountability questions

For governance cases, ask: Who decides? Who benefits? Who bears the risk? Who can appeal? Then look for the building blocks of accountability: clear lines of authority, transparency, appeals and due process, independent oversight, and enforcement.

Key terms (A–Z)

Agency: An athlete’s ability to make decisions and act independently about their body, career and voice.Appears in: A Vote at the Table: Players Join UEFA's Executive Committee · Are College Athletes Employees? Northwestern, Dartmouth and the Right to Unionize · Athletes at the Table: Has the 2020 Empowering Athletes Act Given Them Real Power? · Berlin 1936: The Nazi Olympics and the Boycott Debate · Blue Girl: Sahar Khodayari, Iran's Stadium Ban and FIFA's Leverage · Building a League to Last: The PWHL's Launch and Rapid Expansion and 70 more
Agenda-setting: Media coverage does not tell audiences what to think so much as what to think about.Appears in: "Well-Supported by the Philanthropic Sector": The 2019 Special Olympics Funding Fight
Authenticity vs. PR spin: The tension between communicating truthfully and managing perception. Spin may protect a brand short term while eroding trust.Appears in: Colin Kaepernick: Anthem Protest and Collusion Grievance · CSGO Lotto: YouTubers, Skin Gambling and the FTC's First Influencer Case · Daryl Morey's Hong Kong Tweet and the NBA in China · From Redskins to Commanders: Washington's Team Name · Greener Games? Carbon-Neutral and 'Climate Positive' Claims at the Olympics · Integrity Fees and Official Data Mandates: Who Profits From the Numbers? and 11 more
Brand as ethical promise: A brand is more than a logo: it is a promise to stakeholders about values and conduct, and it is broken when actions contradict it.Appears in: Augusta National and the Admission of Women Members · Brett Favre and the Mississippi Welfare Funds Scandal · Britain's Gambling Reform and the Sport Sponsorship Question · Colin Kaepernick: Anthem Protest and Collusion Grievance · Daryl Morey's Hong Kong Tweet and the NBA in China · Deshaun Watson and the NFL's New Disciplinary Process and 22 more
Classification: The system adaptive and Paralympic sport uses to group athletes by functional ability so that competition is meaningful.Appears in: Markus Rehm: The Blade Jumper and the Olympic Long Jump · Oscar Pistorius: Prosthetics Eligibility and the Killing of Reeva Steenkamp · Spain's Fake Paralympians: Sydney 2000 · Too Tall to Race? Blake Leeper, World Athletics and the MASH Rule
Codes and guardrails: Written rules of conduct, backed by real consequences, that turn values into expected behavior. Without enforcement they are decoration.Appears in: Australia's Murphy Report: A Phased Ban on Gambling Ads, and the Law That Followed · BALCO and the Designer-Steroid Era · Ben Johnson at Seoul 1988 and the "Dirtiest Race in History" · Beyond Heckling: Fan Abuse and the NBA's Fan Code of Conduct · Biogenesis, Alex Rodriguez, and How Far a League Should Go to Investigate · Blue Girl: Sahar Khodayari, Iran's Stadium Ban and FIFA's Leverage and 45 more
Commercialization: The process of turning sport into a product and a business enterprise, with profit pressures that can compete with principle.Appears in: Approved, Then Abandoned: The Rays, St. Petersburg and a Stadium Deal Undone · Are College Athletes Employees? Northwestern, Dartmouth and the Right to Unionize · Australia's Murphy Report: A Phased Ban on Gambling Ads, and the Law That Followed · Border War: Kansas, Missouri and the Bidding for the Chiefs and Royals · Britain's Gambling Reform and the Sport Sponsorship Question · Building a League to Last: The PWHL's Launch and Rapid Expansion and 85 more
Conflict of interest: A situation where a person’s private interest could improperly influence a decision they make in an official role.Appears in: A Vote at the Table: Players Join UEFA's Executive Committee · Alabama Baseball's Coach and the Bettor: Inside Information Before a Lineup Card · Athletes at the Table: Has the 2020 Empowering Athletes Act Given Them Real Power? · Brett Favre and the Mississippi Welfare Funds Scandal · Britain's Gambling Reform and the Sport Sponsorship Question · Calciopoli: Juventus, Referee Designators, and Italian Football's 2006 Scandal and 47 more
Consent and autonomy: Whether people have agreed freely and with full information, and whether their right to make their own choices is respected.Appears in: Australia's Murphy Report: A Phased Ban on Gambling Ads, and the Law That Followed · Caster Semenya and Testosterone Eligibility Rules · Children Under the Code: Protected Persons and Anti-Doping Education · Christian Eriksen's Collapse and the Decision to Restart · Club, Country or Free Agent? Cricket's Franchise Leagues and International Duty · Courts and the Brazilian Football Confederation Presidency and 36 more
Controls: Concrete safeguards that make ethics operational: training, disclosure forms, testing, monitoring, hotlines. Ethics needs principles, process and controls.Appears in: Abuse in the NWSL and the Yates Report · Alabama Baseball's Coach and the Bettor: Inside Information Before a Lineup Card · BALCO and the Designer-Steroid Era · Bethpage Black: Hosting Duties and Crowd Abuse at the 2025 Ryder Cup · Capping the Middlemen: FIFA's Football Agent Regulations in Court · Clase and Ortiz: The Guardians Pitch-Rigging Indictment and 30 more
Core values: The principles a sport organization says it stands for, most often safety, fairness, respect, integrity and transparency.Appears in: Azeem Rafiq and Racism at Yorkshire County Cricket Club · Bethpage Black: Hosting Duties and Crowd Abuse at the 2025 Ryder Cup · Bob Knight, Zero Tolerance and the Firing at Indiana · Donald Sterling: Racist Remarks and the Forced Clippers Sale · Modern Pentathlon Drops the Horse: Animal Welfare, Tradition and Olympic Survival · Olga Kharlan and the Refused Handshake: Rules, Respect and War and 7 more
Corruption: The misuse of entrusted power for private gain, whether financial, sporting, administrative or cultural.Appears in: Afghanistan's Women's Footballers: Abuse, Exile and Recognition · Brett Favre and the Mississippi Welfare Funds Scandal · Calciopoli: Juventus, Referee Designators, and Italian Football's 2006 Scandal · Chelsea's Self-Reported Abramovich-Era Payments · Corruption Charges in the Abu Dhabi T10 League · East Germany's State Plan 14.25: Doping Minors for Medals and 14 more
Crisis ethics: The obligations that apply when an organization is under pressure: honesty, timeliness, accountability and care for those harmed.Appears in: Azeem Rafiq and Racism at Yorkshire County Cricket Club · Baylor University and the Football Sexual Assault Scandal · Bethpage Black: Hosting Duties and Crowd Abuse at the 2025 Ryder Cup · Chaos at the Stade de France: Blaming Fans for the 2022 Champions League Final · Damar Hamlin's Cardiac Arrest and the Cancelled Game · Dan Snyder, the Commanders and Workplace Misconduct and 17 more
Displacement: When residents can no longer stay in their homes because of a venue or event, either through direct removal or indirect pressures such as rising rents.
Distributive justice: Fairness in how scarce opportunities, resources, benefits and burdens are shared.Appears in: "Well-Supported by the Philanthropic Sector": The 2019 Special Olympics Funding Fight · Afghanistan's Women's Footballers: Abuse, Exile and Recognition · Approved, Then Abandoned: The Rays, St. Petersburg and a Stadium Deal Undone · Are College Athletes Employees? Northwestern, Dartmouth and the Right to Unionize · Augusta National and the Admission of Women Members · Blue Girl: Sahar Khodayari, Iran's Stadium Ban and FIFA's Leverage and 85 more
Due process: Fair procedures before a sanction: notice, a chance to respond, an impartial decision-maker and a right of appeal.Appears in: Abu Dhabi 2021: The Safety-Car Call That Decided a World Championship · Accused, Acquitted, Unpaid: Benjamin Mendy's Wages Claim Against Manchester City · Azeem Rafiq and Racism at Yorkshire County Cricket Club · Beyond Heckling: Fan Abuse and the NBA's Fan Code of Conduct · Biogenesis, Alex Rodriguez, and How Far a League Should Go to Investigate · Carlsen, Niemann and the Sinquefield Cup: Accusing a Rival of Cheating and 79 more
Duty of care: The responsibility of coaches, organizations and institutions to protect the health, safety and well-being of those in their charge. It is not a license for total control.Appears in: Abuse in the NWSL and the Yates Report · Afghanistan's Women's Footballers: Abuse, Exile and Recognition · Baylor University and the Football Sexual Assault Scandal · Below the Sternum: England's Lower Tackle Height in Community and Youth Rugby · Bethpage Black: Hosting Duties and Crowd Abuse at the 2025 Ryder Cup · Beyond Heckling: Fan Abuse and the NBA's Fan Code of Conduct and 81 more
Early specialization: A child concentrating all training on a single sport at a young age, with physical, psychological and developmental risks.Appears in: Heading in Youth Soccer: Restricting a Skill to Protect the Brain · Pay-to-Play: The Rising Cost of Youth Sports
Equalizer vs. enhancer: Whether a technology or adaptation restores a level field (adaptation) or gives an advantage beyond it (augmentation).Appears in: Carbon Monoxide Rebreathing: A Legal Test, a Possible Edge and a Health Ban · It's All About the Suit: Polyurethane Swimsuits and FINA's 2010 Ban · Markus Rehm: The Blade Jumper and the Olympic Long Jump · Nike Vaporfly and the Super Shoe Rules · Oscar Pistorius: Prosthetics Eligibility and the Killing of Reeva Steenkamp · PGA Tour v. Martin: A Golf Cart and the Rules of the Game and 5 more
Ethics: A shared, structured framework for right conduct, often written into professional standards, laws or organizational policies. Learned and collective.
Fair play: Integrity put into practice: respecting both the written rules and the spirit of competition.Appears in: Canada Soccer's Drone Spying at Paris 2024: Who Pays for Staff Cheating? · Carlsen, Niemann and the Sinquefield Cup: Accusing a Rival of Cheating · Counting Junior-College Years: Diego Pavia and the Eligibility Lawsuits · Danny Almonte and the 2001 Little League Age Scandal · Flying Commercial: The WNBA's Charter Flight Ban and Its Reversal · Fred Kerley's Whereabouts Ban: Missed Tests Without a Positive and 18 more
Framing: How the choice of angle, language and emphasis shapes the way a story is understood.Appears in: "Well-Supported by the Philanthropic Sector": The 2019 Special Olympics Funding Fight · Chaos at the Stade de France: Blaming Fans for the 2022 Champions League Final · Colin Kaepernick: Anthem Protest and Collusion Grievance · Forty-Eight Hours: The FIA, Susie Wolff and a Conflict-of-Interest Inquiry · From Redskins to Commanders: Washington's Team Name · Greener Games? Carbon-Neutral and 'Climate Positive' Claims at the Olympics and 13 more
Gamesmanship: Pushing the rules to their limits, without technically breaking them, to gain an edge. It tests, and can erode, the game.Appears in: Canada Soccer's Drone Spying at Paris 2024: Who Pays for Staff Cheating? · Carbon Monoxide Rebreathing: A Legal Test, a Possible Edge and a Health Ban · Deflategate: Ball Pressure, Science and the Commissioner's Power · Houston Astros Sign-Stealing Scandal · Ketones in the Peloton: Legal Supplements and the Grey Zone · Mankad or Run Out? Deepti Sharma, Charlie Dean and Cricket's Spirit and 6 more
Glass ceiling: Invisible, systemic barriers in hiring and promotion that keep women and minorities out of leadership roles.Appears in: Augusta National and the Admission of Women Members · Career or Family? Maternity Protections in FIFA Football and WTA Tennis · Champions Still Waiting: Nigeria's Super Falcons and Their Unpaid Bonuses · Equal Match Fees, Unequal Contracts: India's Women Cricketers and Pay Equity · Flying Commercial: The WNBA's Charter Flight Ban and Its Reversal · Forty-Eight Hours: The FIA, Susie Wolff and a Conflict-of-Interest Inquiry and 8 more
Golden mean: In virtue ethics, the good habit that sits between two extremes, such as courage between recklessness and cowardice.
Hazing: Ritualized initiation practices, often defended as tradition, that humiliate, endanger or harm newcomers.Appears in: What He Should Have Known: Northwestern Football, Hazing and a Coach's Responsibility
Humanity formula: A Kantian check: treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as a means to someone else’s goal.Appears in: Curt Flood and Baseball's Reserve Clause · East Germany's State Plan 14.25: Doping Minors for Medals · Face Off at the Garden: MSG's Facial Recognition Ban on Opposing Lawyers · O'Bannon v. NCAA: Who Owns a College Athlete's Likeness? · Qatar 2022 World Cup and Migrant Labor
“Inspiration porn”: Disability activist Stella Young’s term for portraying disabled people mainly to make non-disabled audiences feel inspired, which reduces rather than represents them.Appears in: Paralympic Medal Bonuses: Should Paralympians Be Paid the Same as Olympians?
Institutional accountability: Structures that make a sport organization explain its decisions and face consequences: clear authority, transparency, appeals, independent oversight and enforcement.Appears in: "Well-Supported by the Philanthropic Sector": The 2019 Special Olympics Funding Fight · A Vote at the Table: Players Join UEFA's Executive Committee · Abu Dhabi 2021: The Safety-Car Call That Decided a World Championship · Abuse in the NWSL and the Yates Report · Afghanistan's Women's Footballers: Abuse, Exile and Recognition · Alabama Baseball's Coach and the Bettor: Inside Information Before a Lineup Card and 139 more
Integrity: A commitment to honesty and ethical principle in competition and administration, including when nobody is watching.Appears in: Abu Dhabi 2021: The Safety-Car Call That Decided a World Championship · Accused, Acquitted, Unpaid: Benjamin Mendy's Wages Claim Against Manchester City · Alabama Baseball's Coach and the Bettor: Inside Information Before a Lineup Card · BALCO and the Designer-Steroid Era · Ben Johnson at Seoul 1988 and the "Dirtiest Race in History" · Canada Soccer's Drone Spying at Paris 2024: Who Pays for Staff Cheating? and 61 more
Journalism ethics (SPJ principles): Seek truth and report it, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable and transparent.Appears in: Naomi Osaka, Press Conferences and Mental Health · Sports Illustrated's Fake AI Writers: Trust, Bylines and Machine-Made Content
Legal but unethical: Law sets out what can be punished; ethics asks what is right. Compliance is a minimum, so an action can be lawful and still wrong.Appears in: Augusta National and the Admission of Women Members · Berlin 1936: The Nazi Olympics and the Boycott Debate · Brett Favre and the Mississippi Welfare Funds Scandal · Counting to Three: Infantino and FIFA's Presidential Term Limit · CSGO Lotto: YouTubers, Skin Gambling and the FTC's First Influencer Case · Curt Flood and Baseball's Reserve Clause and 29 more
Moral hazard: When someone takes more risk because others will bear the cost.Appears in: Chelsea's Self-Reported Abramovich-Era Payments · Diarra v FIFA: Contract Stability or a No-Poach Rule? · Docked for Spending: Everton, Forest and the Premier League's Profit Rules · Limit the Winners, Court the Losers? Sportsbook Bet Limits and VIP Programs · LIV Golf's Bankruptcy and the Player-Owned Restart · Paying Around the Cap: The Clippers, Kawhi Leonard and the NBA's Circumvention Rules and 4 more
Morals: A person’s own sense of right and wrong, shaped by upbringing, culture, faith and experience. Individual and internal.
Multiple points of view: Analyzing a dilemma from each stakeholder’s position in turn (athlete, parent, coach, administrator, official, bystander) before reaching your own reasoned view.Appears in: Building a League to Last: The PWHL's Launch and Rapid Expansion · Clean Streets for the World Cup? Morocco, Stray Dogs and FIFA's Responsibility · Engagement or Endorsement? The WTA Finals in Riyadh · Equal Match Fees, Unequal Contracts: India's Women Cricketers and Pay Equity · Field of Fees: Private Equity, Youth Hockey Rinks and a Congressional Hearing · Iga Świątek and the Contaminated Melatonin: Strict Liability, Secrecy and Consistency and 22 more
Myth of amateurism: The critique that athletes generate large revenues without the pay or labor protections other workers have. Tested by justice, consent and dignity.Appears in: Are College Athletes Employees? Northwestern, Dartmouth and the Right to Unionize · Curt Flood and Baseball's Reserve Clause · Gold for Gold: World Athletics and Olympic Prize Money · Governing College Sports by Executive Order · Ili and Mirer v. NCAA: Enforcing NIL Limits Against State Law · Jeremy Bloom v. NCAA: Endorsements, Eligibility, and the Pre-NIL Era and 12 more
Non-maleficence: The duty to avoid causing harm, often paired with care ethics when setting safety rules.Appears in: Below the Sternum: England's Lower Tackle Height in Community and Youth Rugby · Carbon Monoxide Rebreathing: A Legal Test, a Possible Edge and a Health Ban · Derek Boogaard, Hockey's Enforcers and CTE · Grass or Turf: The NFL Players' Fight Over Playing Surfaces · Heading in Youth Soccer: Restricting a Skill to Protect the Brain · Jordan McNair's Death and Maryland Football's Culture and 15 more
Parental pressure: Emotional, financial or behavioral pressure from parents. The key question is when guidance becomes exploitation.Appears in: Children Under the Code: Protected Persons and Anti-Doping Education · Danny Almonte and the 2001 Little League Age Scandal · High School NIL: Should Teenagers Sign Endorsement Deals? · No Officials, No Games: Abuse of Referees and the Shortage in School and Grassroots Sport · Pay-to-Play: The Rising Cost of Youth Sports
Paternalism (hard and soft): Restricting someone’s choices for their own good. Hard paternalism overrides competent, informed adults; soft paternalism steps in when information or autonomy is compromised.Appears in: Australia's Murphy Report: A Phased Ban on Gambling Ads, and the Law That Followed · Below the Sternum: England's Lower Tackle Height in Community and Youth Rugby · Carbon Monoxide Rebreathing: A Legal Test, a Possible Edge and a Health Ban · Caster Semenya and Testosterone Eligibility Rules · Children Under the Code: Protected Persons and Anti-Doping Education · Christian Eriksen's Collapse and the Decision to Restart and 22 more
Prevent, minimize, mitigate, remedy: An order of priorities for harm: prevent it if possible, then minimize it, mitigate what remains, and remedy what has been done.Appears in: Australia's Murphy Report: A Phased Ban on Gambling Ads, and the Law That Followed · Below the Sternum: England's Lower Tackle Height in Community and Youth Rugby · Beyond Heckling: Fan Abuse and the NBA's Fan Code of Conduct · Britain's Gambling Reform and the Sport Sponsorship Question · Clean Streets for the World Cup? Morocco, Stray Dogs and FIFA's Responsibility · Crossed Arms: FIFA's Global Stand Against Racism and Its First Big Test and 11 more
Principal–agent problem: When those acting on others’ behalf (agents such as executives, officials or agents) have interests that diverge from the people they serve.Appears in: A Vote at the Table: Players Join UEFA's Executive Committee · Accused, Acquitted, Unpaid: Benjamin Mendy's Wages Claim Against Manchester City · Approved, Then Abandoned: The Rays, St. Petersburg and a Stadium Deal Undone · Athletes at the Table: Has the 2020 Empowering Athletes Act Given Them Real Power? · Border War: Kansas, Missouri and the Bidding for the Chiefs and Royals · Capping the Middlemen: FIFA's Football Agent Regulations in Court and 28 more
Reasonable accommodation: Adjusting conditions so people can take part, without lowering the standard. Fairness isn’t sameness.Appears in: Career or Family? Maternity Protections in FIFA Football and WTA Tennis · France's Hijab Ban in Sport · Lia Thomas and the Rules for Transgender Swimmers · Markus Rehm: The Blade Jumper and the Olympic Long Jump · PGA Tour v. Martin: A Golf Cart and the Rules of the Game · Serena Williams, Seeding and Motherhood: Rewriting Tennis's Return Rules and 2 more
Residential exposure: The everyday burden, such as noise, traffic, policing and cost of living, on people who live near venues and mega-events.Appears in: The Athletics Leave Oakland for Las Vegas · The Braves, Cobb County and Public Stadium Funding
“Right” vs. “good”: Duty-based thinking asks what is right; outcome-based thinking asks what produces the most good. Dilemmas arise when the two point in different directions.Appears in: Damar Hamlin's Cardiac Arrest and the Cancelled Game · Ten Metres From the Line: Iván Fernández Anaya and the Race He Refused to Win
Rules vs. spirit of the game: Rules are the written minimum; the spirit is the fairness and respect the rules exist to protect. Rules set the floor; spirit sets the ceiling.Appears in: Abu Dhabi 2021: The Safety-Car Call That Decided a World Championship · Carbon Monoxide Rebreathing: A Legal Test, a Possible Edge and a Health Ban · Closing the Gate: Liga MX, Promotion and Relegation, and Antitrust · Counting to Three: Infantino and FIFA's Presidential Term Limit · Docked for Spending: Everton, Forest and the Premier League's Profit Rules · Femke Van den Driessche and the Hidden Motor and 31 more
Sanction certainty: The principle that the likelihood of being caught and punished deters misconduct more than the severity of the punishment.Appears in: Alabama Baseball's Coach and the Bettor: Inside Information Before a Lineup Card · Blue Girl: Sahar Khodayari, Iran's Stadium Ban and FIFA's Leverage · Calciopoli: Juventus, Referee Designators, and Italian Football's 2006 Scandal · Canada Soccer's Drone Spying at Paris 2024: Who Pays for Staff Cheating? · Chelsea's Self-Reported Abramovich-Era Payments · Clase and Ortiz: The Guardians Pitch-Rigging Indictment and 38 more
Simple Decision Model: A six-step routine for ethical decisions: spot the issue, gather facts, test options, check codes and law, decide and document, communicate and follow up.
Social model of disability: The view that disability comes not from impairment alone but from barriers, discrimination and exclusion created by society.Appears in: "Well-Supported by the Philanthropic Sector": The 2019 Special Olympics Funding Fight · Paralympic Medal Bonuses: Should Paralympians Be Paid the Same as Olympians? · Too Tall to Race? Blake Leeper, World Athletics and the MASH Rule
Sportsmanship: Visible respect for opponents, officials, teammates and the game itself.Appears in: Bethpage Black: Hosting Duties and Crowd Abuse at the 2025 Ryder Cup · Carlsen, Niemann and the Sinquefield Cup: Accusing a Rival of Cheating · Mankad or Run Out? Deepti Sharma, Charlie Dean and Cricket's Spirit · No Officials, No Games: Abuse of Referees and the Shortage in School and Grassroots Sport · Olga Kharlan and the Refused Handshake: Rules, Respect and War · Sandpapergate: Australia's Ball-Tampering Scandal at Cape Town and 4 more
Sportswashing: Using sport, through events, teams or sponsorship, to improve the reputation of a state or company and distract from wrongdoing.Appears in: Berlin 1936: The Nazi Olympics and the Boycott Debate · Career or Family? Maternity Protections in FIFA Football and WTA Tennis · Clean Streets for the World Cup? Morocco, Stray Dogs and FIFA's Responsibility · Engagement or Endorsement? The WTA Finals in Riyadh · LIV Golf, Saudi Money and the Split in Men's Golf · LIV Golf's Bankruptcy and the Player-Owned Restart and 14 more
Stakeholders: Everyone with something at stake in a decision: athletes, coaches, parents, officials, fans, employees, sponsors, media, communities and regulators, including the less visible ones.Appears in: "Well-Supported by the Philanthropic Sector": The 2019 Special Olympics Funding Fight · A Vote at the Table: Players Join UEFA's Executive Committee · Accused, Acquitted, Unpaid: Benjamin Mendy's Wages Claim Against Manchester City · Approved, Then Abandoned: The Rays, St. Petersburg and a Stadium Deal Undone · Athletes at the Table: Has the 2020 Empowering Athletes Act Given Them Real Power? · Australia's Murphy Report: A Phased Ban on Gambling Ads, and the Law That Followed and 140 more
Strict liability: The anti-doping principle that athletes are responsible for any prohibited substance in their bodies, whether or not they meant to take it.Appears in: BALCO and the Designer-Steroid Era · Ben Johnson at Seoul 1988 and the "Dirtiest Race in History" · Biogenesis, Alex Rodriguez, and How Far a League Should Go to Investigate · Children Under the Code: Protected Persons and Anti-Doping Education · Erriyon Knighton and the Contaminated-Meat Defense · Federal Drug Rules for Racehorses: HISA's Medication Program on Trial and 15 more
Therapeutic use exemption (TUE): Advance permission for an athlete to use a medically necessary substance that would otherwise be prohibited.Appears in: Maria Sharapova and Meldonium: Strict Liability and a Newly Banned Drug · Meldonium 2016: 172 Positives and a Rule Change Mid-Stream · Prescription or Edge? ADHD Stimulant Exemptions in Major League Baseball · Treatment or Advantage? The 2014 Ban on Testosterone Exemptions in MMA
Title IX: The 1972 U.S. law barring sex discrimination in federally funded education programs, including school and college athletics.Appears in: Baylor University and the Football Sexual Assault Scandal · Cutting Olympic Sports to Pay Players: Stephen F. Austin and Title IX · Governing College Sports by Executive Order · The House Settlement: Colleges Begin Paying Athletes Directly · The USWNT's Fight for Equal Pay · West Virginia v. B.P.J.: The Supreme Court and Transgender Athletes
Trust: The public’s belief that what they are watching is real. Integrity failures are ultimately failures of trust.Appears in: A Vote at the Table: Players Join UEFA's Executive Committee · Abu Dhabi 2021: The Safety-Car Call That Decided a World Championship · Accused, Acquitted, Unpaid: Benjamin Mendy's Wages Claim Against Manchester City · Approved, Then Abandoned: The Rays, St. Petersburg and a Stadium Deal Undone · Athletes at the Table: Has the 2020 Empowering Athletes Act Given Them Real Power? · BALCO and the Designer-Steroid Era and 96 more
Universal law test: A Kantian check: could everyone in sport act on the same rule without the system breaking down?
Veil of ignorance: Rawls’s test for fair rules: design the policy as if you did not know which position you would end up in.Appears in: Equal Match Fees, Unequal Contracts: India's Women Cricketers and Pay Equity · Fully Guaranteed: The NFL, Deshaun Watson's Contract and the Collusion Grievance · Gold for Gold: World Athletics and Olympic Prize Money · In or Out? The IOC's New Method for Choosing Olympic Sports · Lia Thomas and the Rules for Transgender Swimmers · NBA Europe and the EuroLeague: Who Owns European Basketball's Future? and 8 more
Whistleblowing: Disclosure of wrongdoing in the public interest by someone inside or close to an organization: a moral safety valve.Appears in: Abuse in the NWSL and the Yates Report · Afghanistan's Women's Footballers: Abuse, Exile and Recognition · Alabama Baseball's Coach and the Bettor: Inside Information Before a Lineup Card · Azeem Rafiq and Racism at Yorkshire County Cricket Club · Canada Soccer's Drone Spying at Paris 2024: Who Pays for Staff Cheating? · Carlsen, Niemann and the Sinquefield Cup: Accusing a Rival of Cheating and 26 more

From the Ethics Cases glossary. Definitions are written for this site and aligned with the sports ethics course materials that inform it.